Publications Rupert Sutherland

Publications

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2015 - 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011-2010, 2009-2005 , 2004-2000, 1999-1994

Sutherland, R., Townend, J., Toy, V., (2017).  Extreme hydrothermal conditions at an active plate-bounding fault. Nature International weekly journal of science.

Boulton, C., Yao, L., Faulkner, D., Ma, S., Shimamoto, T., Townend, J., Toy, V., Sutherland, R. (submitted). High-velocity frictional properties of Alpine Fault rocks: implications for earthquake propagation on an active plate boundary. Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth.

Eccles, J., Gulley, A., Malin, P., Boese, C., Townend, J., & Sutherland, R. (submitted). Fault Zone Guided Wave Generation on the Locked, Late Interseismic Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Geophysical Research Letters.

2015 - 2014

Schleicher, A., Sutherland, R., Townend, J., Toy, V.G., & van der Pluijm, B. (2015). Clay mineral formation and fabrics in the DFDP-1B borehole, central Alpine Fault, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 58(1), 13-21.

Stern, T.A., Henrys, S.H., Okaya, D.A., Louie, J., Savage, M.K., Lamb, S.H., Sato, H., Sutherland, R., & Iwasaki, T. (2015). A seismic reflection image for the base of a tectonic plate. Nature, 518, 85-88.

Toy, V.G., Boulton, C.J., Sutherland, R., Townend, J., Norris, R.J., Little, T.A., Prior, D.J., Mariani, E., Faulkner, D., Menzies, C.D., Scott, H., & Carpenter, B.M. (2015). Fault rock lithologies and architecture of the central Alpine Fault, New Zealand, revealed by DFDP-1 drilling. Lithosphere, 7(2), 155-173.

Cox, S.C., Menzies, C.D., Sutherland, R., Denys, P.H., Chamberlain, C., & Teagle, D.A.H. (2015). Changes in hot spring temperature and hydrogeology of the Alpine Fault hanging wall, New Zealand, induced by distal South Island earthquakes. Geofluids, 15(1-2), 216-239.

Bache, F., Sutherland, R., & King, P.R. (2014). Use of ancient wave-ravinement surfaces to determine palaeogeography and vertical crustal movements around New Zealand, New Zealand. Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 57(4), 459-467.

Bache, F., Mortimer, N., Sutherland, R., Collot, J., Rouillard, P., Stagpoole, V., Nicol, A. (2014). Seismic stratigraphic record of transition from Mesozoic subduction to continental breakup in the Zealandia sector of eastern Gondwana. Gondwana Research, 26(3-4), 1060-1078.

Langridge, R., Howarth, J., Cochran, U., Stirling, M., Berryman, K., Vilamor, P., Sutherland, R., Townend, J., & Norris, R.J. (2014). Comment - Lidar reveals uniform Alpine fault offsets and bimodal plate boundary rupture behavior, New Zealand. Geology, 42(10), e351.

Boulton, C., Moore, D., Lockner, D., Toy, V.G., Townend, J., & Sutherland, R. (2014). Frictional strength and stability of exhumed fault gouges in DFDP-1 cores, Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Geophysical Research Letters,  41(2), 356-362.

Baur, J., Sutherland, R. & Stern, T. (2014). Anomalous passive subsidence of deep‐water sedimentary basins: a prearc basin example, southern New Caledonia Trough and Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. Basin Research, 26(2), 242-268.

Bache, F., Sutherland, R., Mortimer, N., Browne, G. H., Lawrence, M. J. F., Black, J. A., Flowers, M., Rouillard, P., Pallentin, A., Woelz, S., Wilcox, S., Hines, B., Jury, & S., Roop, H. (2014). Tangaroa TAN1312 Voyage Report: dredging Reinga and Aotea basins to constrain seismic stratigraphy and petroleum systems (DRASP), NW New Zealand (GNS Science report 2014/05, pp. 1-136). Lower Hutt, New Zealand: Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences.

Upton, P., & Sutherland, R. (2014). High permeability and low temperature correlates with proximity to brittle failure within mountains at an active tectonic boundary, Manapouri tunnel, Fiordland, New Zealand. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 389, 176-187.

Bassett, D., Sutherland, R., & Henrys, S. (2014). Slow wavespeeds and fluid overpressure in a region of shallow geodetic locking and slow slip, Hikurangi subduction margin, New Zealand. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 389, 1-13.

Carpenter, B.M., Kitajima, H. Sutherland, R., Townend, J., Toy, V.G. & Saffer, D.M. (2014). Hydraulic and acoustic properties of the active Alpine Fault, New Zealand: Laboratory measurements on DFDP-1 drill core. Earth and Planetary Science Letters (390), 45-51.

Litchfield, N.J., Van Dissen, R., Sutherland, R., Barnes, P.M., Cox, S.C., Norris, R., Beavan, R.J., ..., & Clark, K. (2014). A model of active faulting in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 57(1), 32-56.

2013

Williams, C.A., Eberhart‐Phillips, D., Bannister, S., Barker, D.H.N., Henrys, S., Reyners, M., & Sutherland, R. (2013). Revised interface geometry for the Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand. Seismological Research Letters, 84(6), 1066-1073.

Townend, J., Sutherland, R., Toy, V.G., Eccles, J.D., Boulton, C.J., Cox, S.C., & McNamara, D. (2013). Late-interseismic state of a continental plate-bounding fault: petrophysical results from DFDP-1 wireline and core analysis, Alpine fault, New Zealand. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14(9), 3801-3820.

Henrys, S., Wech, A., Sutherland, R., Stern, T., Savage, M., Sato, H., Mochizuki, K., Iwasaki3, T., Okaya, D., Seward, A., Tozer, B., Townend,  J., Kurashimo, E., Iidaka, T., & Ishiyama, T.(2013). SAHKE geophysical transect reveals crustal and subduction zone structure at the southern Hikurangi margin, New Zealand. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14(7), 2063-2083.

Cox, S.C., Sims, A., & Sutherland, R. (2013). Whataroa groundwater surveys, Westland, New Zealand. GNS Science Report (vol. 2013/21). Lower Hutt, New Zealand: Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences.

2012

Sutherland, R., Toy, V.G., Townend, J., Cox, S.C., Eccles, J.D., Faulkner,…, & Kopf, A.J. (2012). Drilling reveals fluid control on architecture and rupture of the Alpine Fault. New Zealand. Geology, 40(12), 1143-1146.

Sutherland, R., Viskovic, P., Bache, F., Stagpoole, V.M., Collot, J., Rouillard, P., ..., & Roest, W.R. (2012). Compilation of seismic reflection data from the Tasman Frontier region, southwest Pacific (GNS Science report 2012/01, pp. 1-72). Lower Hutt, New Zealand: Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences.

Campbell, H., Malahoff, A., Browne, G., Graham, I., & Sutherland, R. (2012). New Zealand Geology. Episodes-Newsmagazine of the International Union of Geological Sciences, 35(1-March), 57-71.

Berryman, K., Cooper, A., Norris, R., Villamor, P., Sutherland, R., Wright, T., Schermer, E., Langridge, R. & Biasi, G. (2012). Late Holocene Rupture History of the Alpine Fault in South Westland, New Zealand. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 102(2), 620-638.

Wobbe, F., Gohl, K., Chambord, A., & Sutherland, R. (2012). Structure and breakup history of the rifted margin of West Antarctica in relation to Cretaceous separation from Zealandia and Bellingshausen plate motion. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 13(4)

Bache, F., Sutherland, R., Stagpoole, V., Herzer, R., Collot, J., &  Rouillard, P. (2012). Stratigraphy of the southern Norfolk Ridge and the Reinga Basin: A record of initiation of Tonga–Kermadec–Northland subduction in the southwest Pacific. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 321, 41-53.

Hackney, R., Sutherland, R., & Collot, J. (2012). Rifting and subduction initiation history of the New Caledonia Trough, southwest Pacific, constrained by process-oriented gravity models. Geophysical Journal International, 189(3), 1293-1305.

2011 - 2010

Bell, R., Sutherland, R., Barker,D.H.N., Henrys, S., Bannister, S., Wallace, L., & Beavan, J. (2010). Seismic reflection character of the Hikurangi subduction interface, New Zealand, in the region of repeated Gisborne slow slip events. Geophysical Journal International 180 (1), 34-48.

Beavan, J., Samsonov, S., Denys, P., Sutherland, R., Palmer, N., & Denham, M. (2010). Oblique slip on the Puysegur subduction interface in the 2009 July MW 7.8 Dusky Sound earthquake from GPS and InSAR observations: implications for the tectonics of southwestern New Zealand. Geophysical Journal International, 183(3), 1265-1286.

Sutherland, R., Spasojevic, S., & Gurnis, M. (2010). Mantle upwelling after Gondwana subduction death explains anomalous topography and subsidence histories of eastern New Zealand and West Antarctica. Geology, 38(2), 155-158.

Sutherland, R., Collot, J., Lafoy, Y., Logan, G.A., Hackney, R., Stagpoole, V., Uruski, C., ..., & Rollet, N. (2010). Lithosphere delamination with foundering of lower crust and mantle caused permanent subsidence of New Caledonia Trough and transient uplift of Lord Howe Rise during Eocene and Oligocene initiation of Tonga‐Kermadec subduction, western Pacific. Tectonics, 29(2), TC2004.

Spasojevic, S., Gurnis, M., & Sutherland, R. (2010). Mantle upwellings above slab graveyards linked to the global geoid lows. Nature Geoscience, 3(6), 435-438.

Bassett, D., Sutherland, R., Henrys, S., Stern, T.A., Scherwath, M., Benson, A., ..., & Henderson, M. (2010).  Three-dimensional velocity structure of the northern Hikurangi  margin, Raukumara, New Zealand: implications for the growth of continental crust by subduction erosion and tectonic underplating. Geochemistry, Geophysics and Geosystems, 11, Q10013.

Scherwath, M., Kopp, H., Flueh, E.R., Henrys, S.A., Sutherland, R., Stagpoole, V.M., Barker, D.H.N., ..., & Dannowski, A. (2010). Fore‐arc deformation and underplating at the northern Hikurangi margin, New Zealand. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 115(B6).

Spasojevic, S., Gurnis, M., & Sutherland, R. (2010). Inferring mantle properties with an evolving dynamic model of the Antarctica‐New Zealand region from the Late Cretaceous. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 115(B5), B05402.

Bassett, D., Sutherland, R., Henrys, S., Stern, T.A., Scherwath, M., Benson, A., ..., & Henderson, M. (2010).  Three-dimensional velocity structure of the northern Hikurangi  margin, Raukumara, New Zealand: implications for the growth of continental crust by subduction erosion and tectonic underplating. Geochemistry, Geophysics and Geosystems, 11(10), Q10013.

Wallace, L.M., Bell, R., Townend, J., Ellis, S., Bannister, S., Henrys, S., Sutherland, R., & Barnes, P. (2010). Subduction systems revealed: studies of the Hikurangi margin. Eos, 91(45), 417-418.

2009 - 2005

Wallace, L.M., Reyners, M., Cochran, U., Bannister, S., Barnes, P.M., Berryman, K., ..., Sutherland, R., ...& Power, W. (2009). Characterizing the seismogenic zone of a major plate boundary subduction thrust: Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10(10), Q10006.

Barker, D.H.N., Sutherland, R., Henrys, S., & Bannister, S. (2009). Geometry of the Hikurangi subduction thrust and upper plate, North Island, New Zealand. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10(2), Q02007.

Townend, J., Sutherland, R., & Toy, V. G. (2009). Deep Fault Drilling Project—Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Scientific Drilling, 8, 75-82.

Sutherland, R., Gurnis, M., Kamp, P.J.J., & House, M.A. (2009). Regional exhumation history of brittle crust during subduction initiation, Fiordland, southwest New Zealand, and implications for thermochronologic sampling and analysis strategies. Geosphere, 5(5), 409-425.

Sutherland, R., Stagpoole, V.M., Uruski, C., Kennedy, C., Bassett, D.G., Henrys, S.A., …, Stern, T.A., & Flueh, E. R. (2009). Reactivation of tectonics, crustal underplating, and uplift after 60 Myr of passive subsidence, Raukumara Basin, Hikurangi-Kermadec fore arc, New Zealand: Implications for global growth and recycling of continents. Tectonics, 28(5), TC5017.

Barker, D.H.N., Wood, R., & Sutherland, R. (2008). Transform and rift structure of Paleogene crust near Resolution Ridge, Tasman Sea, southwest New Zealand. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9(7), Q07024.

Sutherland, R., Kim, K.J., Zondervan, A., & McSaveney, M.J. (2007). Orbital forcing of mid-latitude Southern Hemisphere glaciation since 100 ka inferred from cosmogenic nuclide ages of moraine boulders from the Cascade Plateau, southwest New Zealand. Geological Society of America bulletin, 119(3-4), 443-451.

Sutherland, R., Eberhart-Phillips, D., Harris, R.A., Stern, T.A., Beavan, R.J., Ellis, S.M., Henrys, S.A., ..., & Stirling, M.W. (2007). Do great earthquakes occur on the Alpine fault in central South Island, New Zealand. In D. Okaya, T. Stern and F. Davey (Eds.), A continental plate boundary:  tectonics at South Island, New Zealand (American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph Series 175, 237-254). Washington D.C., USA: AGU.

Turnbull, I., Sutherland, R., Beu, A., & Edwards, A.R. (2007). Pleistocene glaciomarine sediments of the Kisbee Formation, Wilson River, southwest Fiordland, and some tectonic and paleoclimatic implications. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 50(3), 193-204.

Uruski, C., Kennedy, C., Harrison, T., Maslen, G., Cook, R.A., Sutherland, R., & Zhu, H. (2007). Petroleum potential of the great South Basin, New Zealand new seismic data improves imaging. APPEA journal, 47(1-2), 145-1612.

Sutherland, R. (2007). A listing of cosmogenic, optically-stimulated-luminescence,(U-Th)/He, and fission-track sample locations, analyses, and age data compiled as part of Marsden contract GNS002 (2000-2004): subduction initiation beneath Fiordland, southwest New Zealand. GNS Science Report (2007/33). Lower Hutt, new Zrealand: Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences.

Sutherland, R., Berryman, K.R., & Norris, R. (2006). Quaternary slip rate and geomorphology of the Alpine Fault : implications for kinematics and seismic hazard in southwest New Zealand. Geological Society of America bulletin, 118(3-4), 464-474.

Stilwell, J.D., Consoli, C.P., Sutherland, R., Salisbury, S., Rich, T.H., Vickers-Richa, P.A., Currief, P.J., & Wilsonc, G.J. (2006). Dinosaur sanctuary on the Chatham Islands, Southwest Pacific: first record of theropods from the K–T boundary Takatika Grit. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 230(3), 243-250.

Sutherland, R., Barnes, P., & Uruski, C. (2006). Miocene‐Recent deformation, surface elevation, and volcanic intrusion of the overriding plate during subduction initiation, offshore southern Fiordland, Puysegur margin, southwest New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 49(1), 131-149.

Barnes, P.M., Sutherland, R., Delteil, J. (2005). Strike-slip structure and sedimentary basins of the southern Alpine Fault, Fiordland, New Zealand. Geological Society of America bulletin, 117(3-4), 411-435.

MA House, M Gurnis, R Sutherland, PJJ Kamp (2005). Patterns of Late Cenozoic exhumation deduced from apatite and zircon U‐He ages from Fiordland, New Zealand. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 6(9), Q09013.

2004 - 2000

Sutherland, R. (2004). Paleontology of dredge and core samples collected during the 1997 Tangaroa cruise 3035, offshore Fiordland, southwest New Zealand. GNS Science Report (2004/11). Lower Hutt, New Zealand: Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences.

Graham, I., de Ronde, C., Ditchbum, B., Kim, K., McSaveney, M., Whitehead, N., Sheppard, Sutherland, R., Wright, I., & Zondervan, A. (2004). Applications of cosmogenic isotopes and U-series dating in Earth Science An Overview. GNS Information Series (63, pp. 111). Lower Hutt, New Zealand: Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences.

Kim, K.J., & Sutherland, R. (2004). Uplift rate and landscape development in southwest Fiordland, New Zealand, determined using 10Be and 26Al exposure dating of marine terraces. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68(10), 2313-2319.

Steinberger, B., Sutherland, R., & O'Connell, R.J. (2004). Prediction of Emperor-Hawaii seamount locations from a revised model of global plate motion and mantle flow. Nature, 430(6996), 167-173.

Sutherland, R., & Browne, G. (2003). Canterbury basin offers potential on South Island, New Zealand. Oil & Gas Journal, 101(5), 45-49.

House, M.A., Gurnis, M., Kamp, P.J.J., & Sutherland, R. (2002). Uplift in the Fiordland region, New Zealand : implications for incipient subduction. Science, 297(5589), 2038-2041.

Barnes, P.M., Davy, B., Sutherland, R., & Delteil, J. (2002). Frontal accretion and thrust wedge evolution under very oblique plate convergence: Fiordland Basin, New Zealand. Basin Research, 14(4), 439-466.

Sutherland, R., & Hollis, C.J. (2001). Cretaceous demise of the Moa plate and strike-slip motion at the Gondwana margin. Geology, 29(3), 279-282.

Barnes, M.P., Sutherland, R., Davy, B., & Delteil, J. (2001). Rapid creation and destruction of sedimentary basins on mature strike-slip faults: an example from the offshore Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Journal of Structural Geology, 23(11), 1727-1739.

Mortimer, N., Sutherland, R., &  Nathan, S. (2001). Torlesse greywacke and Haast Schist source for Pliocene conglomerates near Reefton, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 44(1), 105-111.

Sutherland, R., Davey, F.J., & Beavan, R.J. (2000). Plate boundary deformation in South Island, New Zealand, is related to inherited lithospheric structure. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 177(3-4), 141-151.

Sutherland, R., & Melhuish, A. (2000). Formation and evolution of the Solander Basin, southwestern South Island, New Zealand, controlled by a major fault in continental crust and upper mantle. Tectonics, 19(1), 44-61.

M Stirling, G McVerry, K Berryman, P McGinty, P Villamor, R Van Dissen, ..., & Sutherland, R. (2000). Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of New Zealand: new active fault data, seismicity data, attenuation relationships and methods. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Client Report (53, p.136). Lower Hutt: Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences.

Killops, S.D., Hollis, C.J., Morgans, H.E.G., Sutherland, R., Field, B.D., & Leckie, D.A. (2000). Paleoceanographic significance of Late Paleocene dysaerobia at the shelf/slope break around New Zealand. Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology, 156(1-2), 51-70.

Wood, R., Herzer, R., Sutherland, R., & Melhuish, A. (2000). Cretaceous‐Tertiary tectonic history of the Fiordland margin, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 43(2), 289-302.

Sutherland, R (2000). Recent progress in understanding the structure and petroleum potential of southern South Island’s frontier basins . In 2000 New Zealand Petroleum Conference Proceedings, 153-162.

1999 - 1994

Cook, R.A., Sutherland, R., & Zhu, H. (et al.) (1999). Cretaceous - Cenozoic geology and petroleum systems of the Great South Basin, New Zealand. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Monograph (number 20, p. 190). Lower Hutt: Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences.

Sutherland, R. (1999). Basement geology and tectonic development of the greater New Zealand region : an interpretation from regional magnetic data. Tectonophysics, 308(3), 341-362.

Sutherland, R. (1999). Cenozoic bending of New Zealand basement terranes and Alpine Fault displacement: a brief review. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 42(2), 295-301.

Melhuish, A., Sutherland, R., Davey, F.J., & Lamarche, G. (1999). Crustal structure and neotectonics of the Puysegur oblique subduction zone, New Zealand. Tectonophysics, 313(4), 335-362.

Sherwood, A., Sutherland, R., & Cook, R. (1999). Great South basin, New Zealand, might hold considerable potential. Oil & Gas Journal, 97(29), 78-82

Lamarche, G., Collot, J.Y., Wood, R.A., Sosson, M., Sutherland, R., Delteil, J. (1997). The Oligocene-Miocene Pacific-Australia plate boundary, south of New Zealand: Evolution from oceanic spreading to strike-slip faulting. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 148(1), 129-139.

Wood, R., & Sutherland, R. (1997). Reconstructing the southwest Pacific. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 78(3), 21-22.

Sutherland, R. (1996). Transpressional development of the Australia‐Pacific boundary through southern South Island, New Zealand: Constraints from Miocene‐Pliocene sediments, Waiho‐1 borehole, South Westland.
New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 39(2), 251-264.

Delteil, J., Collot, J.Y., Wood, R., Herzer, R., Calmant, S., Christoffel, D., Coffin, M., ..., & Sutherland, R. (1996). From strike-slip faulting to oblique subduction: a survey of the Alpine Fault-Puysegur Trench transition, New Zealand, results of cruise Geodynz-sud leg 2. Marine Geophysical Researches, 18(2-4), 383-399.

Sutherland, R., Hollis, C.J., Nathan, S., Strong, C.P., & Wilson, G.J. (1996). Age of Jackson Formation proves late Cenozoic allochthony in South Westland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 39(4), 559-563

Sutherland, R. (1995). The Australia-Pacific boundary and Cenozoic plate motions in the SW Pacific : some constraints from Geosat data. Tectonics, 14(4), 819-831.

Sutherland, R., & Norris, R.J. (1995). Late Quaternary displacement rate, paleoseismicity, and geomorphic evolution of the Alpine Fault : evidence from Hokuri Creek, South Westland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 38(4), 419-430.

Sutherland, R., Nathan, S., Turnbull, I.M., & Beu, A.G. (1995). Pliocene‐Quaternary sedimentation and Alpine Fault related tectonics in the lower Cascade valley, South Westland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 38(4), 431-450.

Cutten, H.N.C., & Sutherland, R. (1995). Displacement since the Pliocene along the southern section of the Alpine fault, New Zealand: Comment and Reply. Geology, 23(5), 475-476.

Delteil, J., Collot, J.Y., Wood, R., Herzer, R., Calmant, S., Christoffel, D., Coffin, M.F., ..., & Sutherland, R. (1995). From the Alpine Fault to the Puysegur Trench (New Zealand): results of the GEODYNZ-SUD, Leg 2 swath-mapping survey. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie II, 320(4), 303-309.

Cutten, H.N.C., & Sutherland, R. (1995). Reply-Displacement since the Pliocene along the southern section of the Alpine fault, New Zealand. Geology-1-Paper Edition 23(5), 475-476.

Sutherland, R. (1994). Displacement since the Pliocene along the southern section of the Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Geology, 22(4), 327-330.

Collot, J.Y., Delteil, J., Lewis, K., Audru, J.C., Barnes, P., Chanier, F., ..., & Sutherland, R. (1994). GEODYNZ-SUD shipboard report: Leg Hikurangi, 1-18 november 1993, Leg Puysegur, 21 november-07 december 1993.